Hi, I'm Daniel.，我来为大家科普一下关于雅思写作高频词和构思?以下内容希望对你有帮助!
雅思写作高频词和构思
Hi, I'm Daniel.
嗨，我是丹尼尔。
Welcome to Oxford Online English!
欢迎来到牛津大学在线英语课程！
In this lesson, you can learn about an essential skill for writing IELTS task two essays.
在本节课程中，你将学习雅思写作第二题的基本方法。
You'll see the single most important problem that we see in the IELTS students we teach, and how you can avoid it.
你会看到我们在雅思考试的学生身上看到的最重要的问题，以及如何避免这个问题。
Do you have questions about another topic in English?
你对英语的其他方面有问题吗？
We might have some answers in another English video lesson.
在另一个英语视频课程中，我们可能会提供一些答案。
Check out our website: Oxford Online English. com. We also have certified English teachers who can help you with your speaking, with your writing, reading, or whatever else you may need help with.
请点击我们的网站：Oxford Online English.com。我们还有经过认证的英语老师，可以为你的口语、写作、阅读或其他需要帮助的方面提供帮助。
Also, do you want to watch this video with subtitles?
另外，你想观看带字幕的视频吗？
If so, you can turn them on.
如果是这样的话，你可以打开它们。
Click on the CC button in the bottom right corner of your video player.
单击视频播放器右下角的CC按钮。
If you're using a mobile device, click on 'settings'.
如果你使用的是移动设备，请点击“设置”。
Are you planning to take an IELTS writing exam soon?
你打算不久之后参加雅思写作考试吗？
How do you feel about task 2?
你对任务2的感觉如何？
The task two essay in the IELTS writing exam is the most difficult part of the test for many people.
对于许多人来说，雅思考试中的第二篇论文是考试中最困难的部分。
Many people get stuck at a lower score than they need, often around 5.5 to 6.5. They think the solution is to learn more vocabulary, or learn more grammar, or find a template to follow.
许多人一直在比他们需要的更低的分数上徘徊，通常在5.5到6.5分之间。他们认为解决方案是学习更多的词汇，学习更多的语法或找到要遵循的模板。
Probably, none of these things will help.
这些东西可能都不会有什么帮助。
Why?
为什么？
Because there's almost certainly a bigger problem.
因为几乎肯定是存在着更大的问题的。
Many of our students on Oxford Online English, who we teach in online classes, have major problems with planning.
我们在在线课程中教过的许多牛津大学在线英语课程的学生在“规划”方面存在非常严重的问题。
Actually, the problem starts even earlier — it starts with reading and analysing the task.
实际上，问题甚至更早就开始出现了——可能始于阅读和分析任务的时候。
What's the problem, exactly?
到底是什么问题？
Let me explain.
让我来解释一下。
We see that people often don't pay attention to key words in the task, or they misunderstand key words in the task.
我们看到人们常常不注意任务中的关键词，或者他们误解了任务中的关键词。
Then, their answer starts going in the wrong direction from the very beginning.
然后，他们的答案从一开始就朝错误的方向发展了。
It's like you're going on a long journey, and you start by going in the wrong direction.
就像你要进行很长的一段旅程，但是从错误的方向开始了。
The further you go, the worse it gets.
你走得越远，情况就越糟。
If this is your problem, then more vocabulary won't help you.
如果这是你的问题的话，那么再多的词汇也无济于事。
Learning grammar rules or correcting your grammar mistakes won't make much difference.
学习语法规则或纠正语法错误并没有太大的作用。
In this lesson, you'll see how to analyse task two questions, and how to avoid these problems.
在本节课程中，你将看到如何分析任务二的问题，以及如何避免这些问题。
Before that, let's just look at one point related to the scoring system, and why going off task is such a big problem.
在此之前，让我们看一下与评分系统有关的一点，以及为什么离题是一个很大的问题。
I'm sure you already know that your writing score has four parts: task achievement, coherence/cohesion, vocabulary and grammar.
我敢肯定，你知道写作分数包括四个部分：任务完成度、连贯一致性，词汇和语法。
However, these four parts are not independent.
但是，这四个部分不是独立的。
If you go off-task, this mostly hurts your task achievement score.
如果你离题了的话，这会导致你的任务完成度分数大打折扣。
However, your C&C and vocabulary scores track your task achievement scores to some extent.
但是，你的连贯一致和词汇分数会在一定程度上受你的任务成就分数影响。
Only your grammar score is independent.
只有你的语法分数是独立的。
For example, imagine that you write a perfect essay, which is coherent, clear, with great use of vocabulary, but you're answering a completely different question.
例如，假设你写了一篇完美的文章，这篇文章连贯清晰，并且大量使用了词汇，但是你在回答的是一个完全不同的问题。
What would you score?
你会得几分？
You would score maximum one for TA, two for C&C, and four for vocabulary.
你的任务完成度最多有一分，连贯一致得两分，词汇得四分。
You could theoretically get band nine for grammar, but even in this case, your maximum score overall would be band four.
从理论上讲，你可以在语法上得九分，但是即使在这种情况下，你的总成绩还是四分。
Similarly, if your answer is on the right general topic, but you don't try to answer the question in the task, then your maximum scores for TA, C&C and vocabulary would be four, five and six respectively.
同样地，如果你的回答是关于正确的，但是却是比较笼统的主题，你没有尝试回答任务中的问题，那么你的任务完成度、连贯一致性和词汇量的最高分将分别为4、5和6分。
Remember that it doesn't matter how good your essay is, or how good your vocabulary is!
请记住，你的文章再好，你的词汇再好也没有用！
Going off task puts hard limits on the score you can get.
离题会对你能得到的分数产生很大的限制。
To stay on task, you need to understand the task fully.
要紧贴任务要求的话，你需要完全理解这个任务。
So, what do you need to do?
那么，你需要做什么呢？
First, decide which parts you don't need to pay attention to.
首先，确定不需要注意的部分。
IELTS questions often have a format like this.
雅思问题通常采用这种格式。
Which parts here are important, or not important?
哪些部分是重要的，哪些部分是不重要的？
First, you can ignore anything like 'some people say…', 'some people argue that…', 'other people claim…' or anything like that.
首先，你可以忽略诸如“有人说……”，“有人认为……”，“其他人主张……”之类的东西。
This is just a way to introduce different ideas.
这只是介绍不同想法的一种方法。
Try to see the task like this.
试着看看这样的任务。
This is true in different question types, too.
在不同的问题类型中也是如此。
Ignore anything like 'some people say…' It's just a way to introduce an idea, and it's not relevant for your essay.
忽略“有人说……”之类的东西。这只是介绍想法的一种方法，与你的文章无关。
Next, look at the instructions, and focus on what they're telling you to do, and what they're not telling you to do.
接下来看一下介绍，侧重于它们告诉了你什么，没有告诉你什么。
If the task tells you to discuss both views, then you need to put forward arguments on both sides of the issue.
如果任务告诉你讨论要两种观点，那么你需要就问题的两个方面都提出论点。
Simple, right?
简单吧？
But, if the task doesn't tell you to discuss both sides, then you don't need to.
但是，如果任务没有要求你讨论两个方面的话，那么你就不需要这样做。
This is the bigger problem: students often add things to their essays which are not in the instructions.
这是一个更大的问题：学生经常在文章中添加一些说明中没有的内容。
For example, we see many essays where the question asks 'Do you agree or disagree?', and students try to put forward arguments on both sides, because they think it's necessary.
例如，我们看到很多文章，问题是：“你同意还是不同意？”，学生们却试图在两个方面都提出观点，因为他们认为这是必要的。
It's not.
其实并不是。
These are the basic points.
这些是基本要点。
Don't ignore them!
不要忽略它们！
Mistakes with these ideas are extremely common.
这些错误是非常普遍的。
But, what else should you look for?
但是，你还需要什么呢？
Look at a sample task two question.
看一个任务二示例问题吧。
When you see a task two question, you should look for quantifiers and limiting words.
当你看到任务二的问题时，应该寻找量词和限制词。
What does this mean?
这是什么意思？
We mean words like 'some', 'all', 'most', 'many', 'no', 'only' or 'main'.
我们指的是“一些”，“全部”，“大多数”，“很多”，“不是”，“仅仅”或“主要”之类的词。
'Only' is an example of a limiting word.
“仅仅”是一个限制词的示例。
It limits something to a specific group.
它将某些事物限制在特定的群体中。
For example, if I say 'I like apples', then it's quite possible that I like other kinds of fruit, too.
例如，如果我说“我喜欢苹果”，那么我也很可能也喜欢其他种类的水果。
If I say 'I only like apples', then the statement becomes much stronger.
如果我说“我只喜欢苹果”，那么这个陈述的意义就变得更加强烈。
It's telling you that I don't like any other kind of fruit except apples.
意思是除了苹果，我不喜欢其他任何水果。
So, why are these words so important?
那么，为什么这些词如此重要呢？
Let's demonstrate this by looking at some different versions of this question.
让我们通过看这个问题的一些不同版本来证明这一点。
What do you think?
你怎么觉得？
Does this make a big difference?
有很大的不同吗？
It's still the same basic topic and task, but it is different.
它仍然是相同的基本主题和任务，但却有所不同。
First, saying 'most people' is a stronger claim than 'many people'.
首先，说“大多数人”比“很多人”更有说服力。
'Most people' means more than half.
“大多数人”意味着一半以上。
'Many people' just means a significant number, but possibly less than fifty per cent.
“许多人”只是意味着很大一部分，但可能少于百分之五十。
If you're agreeing or disagreeing with this statement, these points matter.
如果你同意或不同意这个论断的话，那这些点就很重要。
Also, the word 'only' makes a big difference.
同样地，“仅仅”一词会造成很大的不同。
Saying that people only work out of necessity means that there is no other reason why people work.
说人们只在必要时工作意味着没有其他需要工作的理由了。
Again, this is a much stronger claim than the original task.
同样地，这个表达比原始的任务要强的多。
In the first version, you could say that people work out of necessity, but also work for other reasons, and in this way you could agree with the idea in the task.
在第一个版本中，你可以说人们出于必要而工作，但也出于其他原因而工作，因此你可以同意任务中的想法。
However, in the second version, if you wrote the same thing, you would now be disagreeing.
但是，在第二版中，如果你写的是同样的事情的话，你可能现在就不同意了。
Why?
为什么？
Because the second version — with 'only' — doesn't allow for other reasons.
因为第二个带有“only”的版本中并不允许其他的原因。
If you say there are other reasons why people work, then you're disagreeing with the idea that people only work out of necessity.
如果你说人们工作还有其他原因的话，那么你就不同意人们只是出于必要而工作的想法。
Let's look at one more version of our task.
让我们看看我们的任务的另一个版本。
What do you think?
你怎么看呢？
How does this change the task?
这会导致任务有什么改变？
To be clear, this third version is not a realistic IELTS task, because the claim it makes is too strong.
需要明确的是，第三个版本不是真实的雅思考试任务，因为它提出的主张太过强烈了。
Saying 'nobody enjoys working' means that there is not even one person in the whole world who enjoys their job, which is a ridiculous idea.
说“没有人喜欢工作”意味着全世界甚至没有一个人会喜欢他们的工作，这是一个荒谬的想法。
Similarly, 'no one would work if it was not necessary' means that there is not even one person in the whole world who would choose to work if they didn't have to.
同样地，“如果没有必要的话，没有人会工作”意味着在全世界，如果没有必要的话，没有一个人愿意选择工作。
We're showing you this so that you see the difference these words make.
我们在向大家展示这一点，以便你了解这些单词的不同之处。
In your exam, or when you're practising, look for quantifiers and limiting words in the question, and think about how they affect the meaning of the task.
在考试中或在练习时，寻找问题中的量词和限制词，并考虑它们会如何影响任务的意义。
Again, let's start with a sample task two question.
同样地，让我们从一个任务二示例开始吧。
When you see the task, look for value words.
当你看到任务时，寻找价值词。
'Value words' means words which express an opinion.
“价值词”是指表达意见的单词。
This includes words like 'should', 'need to', 'better', 'best', 'bad' or 'too'.
这包括“应该”，“需要”，“更好”，“最好”，“不好”或“太”之类的词。
Here's a question: why does 'too' express an opinion?
有一个问题：为什么“too”可以表达意见呢？
'Too' expresses a negative opinion about something.
“Too”表达的是对某件事情的负面观点。
For example, if you say 'it's very hot today', you're simply describing a fact.
例如，如果你说“今天很热”，那么你只是在描述一个事实。
This doesn't say anything about whether you like the weather or not.
这并没有表示你是否喜欢今天的天气。
However, if you say 'it's too hot today', this tells us something about how you feel.
但是，如果你说“今天太热了”，这叫告诉我们有关你的感受的一些信息。
You're saying 'it's hot and I don't like it!' Look at the sample task.
你是在说“太热了，我不喜欢！”看一下示例任务。
Where are the value words?
价值词在哪里？
The value words here are 'too' and 'should'.
这里的价值词是“too”和“should”。
These express opinions: that children and teenagers spend more time in front of screens than they should, and that it would be better for parents and school to set limits on screen time.
这些可以表达观点：儿童和青少年在屏幕前花的时间比他们应改花的时间多，父母和学校最好要设置屏幕使用时间的限制。
To see why this is important, look at a different version of this task.
要了解为什么这很重要，看一下这个任务的其他版本。
Obviously, the second task is a different question type.
显然，第二项任务是不同的问题类型。
But, there's another important difference.
但是，还有另一个重要的区别。
This second version doesn't contain any value words.
第二个版本不包含任何价值词。
It doesn't say 'too much time'; it says 'a large amount of time', which is a simple, factual description.
它并没有说“时间太多”；它说的是“很长时间”，这是一个简单的事实性的描述。
Let's look at one more version.
让我们再看一个版本。
How does this change the task?
这会如何改变任务呢？
This third version contains value words: 'unhealthy', 'tackle' and 'problem'.
第三个版本包含价值词：“不健康的”、“解决”和“问题”。
In this case, the task presents the situation as something bad.
在这种情况下，任务表现的是这种情况是不好的。
In the second version, the task presented the situation in neutral terms.
在第二个版本中，任务以中立的方式介绍了情况。
These might seem like small differences, but if you want to write a high-scoring essay, you need to notice these points, and they need to be reflected in your writing.
这些看起来可能是微小的差异，但是如果你想写一篇高分的作文的话，那就需要注意这些要点，并且需要在你的写作中加以体现。
Look for value words in the task, and think about whether the language used is neutral, or whether it presents the topic in a positive or negative way.
在任务中寻找价值词，并考虑所使用的语言是否是中立的，还是以正面或负面的方式呈现主题。
Let's see another sample question.
让我们看另一个示例问题。
IELTS tasks often contain general, abstract words, like 'problems', 'benefits', 'advantages', 'negative effects' and so on.
雅思考试任务通常包含一些笼统的抽象词，例如“问题”、“好处”、“优势”、“负面影响”等。
Often IELTS students simply reuse these words — or, they try to paraphrase them, but without thinking about what they really mean.
雅思考试的学生通常只是简单地重复使用这些单词，或者尝试对它们进行释义，却没有考虑它们的真正含义。
This often results in an essay which is too general and not developed enough, and which is likely to score band six maximum for TA and C&C.
这通常会导致论文太笼统，发展得不够，可能导致任务完成度和连贯一致性最多有六分。
When you analyse the task, look for general words like this and think about what they mean in the context of the task.
当你分析任务时，请查找此类通用词，并思考它们在任务上下文中的含义。
In this task, these are the words we think you should focus on.
这些是我们认为你应该在任务中重点关注的词。
First, what does 'severe' mean?
首先，“严重”是什么意思？
Generally, 'severe' means 'extremely serious'.
通常，“严重”表示“极其严重”。
What counts as a 'severe health problem'?
什么是“严重的健康问题”？
Does traffic congestion lead to severe health problems, as opposed to less serious health problems?
交通拥堵是否会导致严重的健康问题，而不是不太严重的健康问题？
If you think so, then what are some examples of severe health problems caused — directly or indirectly — by traffic congestion?
如果你这样认为的话，那么交通拥堵叫直接或间接导致哪些严重的健康问题？
What does 'quality of life' mean, and how can it be affected by traffic congestion?
“生活质量”是什么意思，交通拥堵如何影响生活质量？
Does someone who lives in a city with bad traffic have a worse life than someone who lives in a city without major traffic problems?
住在交通不便的城市的人的生活是否比住在没有重大交通问题的城市的人的生活更糟？
How?
怎么回事呢？
What does 'alleviate' mean here?
“缓解”在这里是什么意思？
In general, 'alleviate' means something like 'improve'; more specifically, it means 'to reduce the effects of a problem'.
一般而言，“缓解”是指“改善”； 更具体地说，它的意思是“减少问题的影响”。
So, to answer this question, you need answers to all the questions you heard just now, because you need to talk about the specific problems — health, quality of life — which you're going to use in your essay.
因此，要回答这个问题，你需要回答你刚才听到的所有问题，因为你需要谈论要在文章中使用的特定问题——健康和生活质量。
Then, you need to think about what it means to reduce the effects of these problems.
然后，你需要考虑减少这些问题的影响是什么意思。
Also, the question is slightly open.
另外，这个问题还有些悬而未决。
You could say that the only way to avoid these problems is to solve the problem of congestion itself.
你可能会说，避免这些问题的唯一方法是解决拥堵本身的问题。
Or, you could argue that the problems caused by traffic congestion can be tackled without reducing traffic congestion itself.
或者你可能会争辩说，可以在不减少车辆拥堵本身的情况下解决由车辆拥堵引起的问题。
Confused?
是不是有点困惑？
Don't worry — this isn't something that most people can do just like that.
不用担心——大多数人不是那样做的。
We're not giving you answers here, because you need to develop your own ideas to write a successful task two; we're showing you the questions you need to think about, and which you need to have an answer to.
我们在这里不是要给你答案，因为你需要构思自己的想法来写出成功的任务二； 我们向大家展示的是你需要考虑的问题以及需要解答的问题。
Finally, remember that all of this needs to happen before you write.
最后，请记住，所有这些需要在正式写作文之前进行。
In fact, you need to do all of this before you even start planning!
实际上，你甚至需要在开始计划之前就完成所有的这一切！
So, practise with task two questions.
所以练习一下任务二的问题吧。
Find as many task two questions as you can, and practise task analysis.
找到尽可能多的任务二问题，并练习任务分析。
Look for parts of the task which you can ignore.
寻找任务中可以忽略的部分。
Look for quantifiers, value words and abstract words, and think about what they mean for the task.
寻找量词、价值词和抽象的词，并思考它们对任务的意义。
In the exam, you need to be able to do this fast, so try to start developing these habits while you're practising and preparing for your exam.
在考试中，你需要能够快速执行这个操作，因此在练习和准备考试时，尝试开始养成这些习惯。
If you want, use the comment section to practise.
如果需要的话，请在评论部分进行练习。
Find a sample task two question, and post it in the comments, with your analysis.
寻找一个任务二示例，并将其与你的分析一起发布在评论中。
Other people can then comment on whether they have the same idea or not.
然后其他人可以评论他们的看法是不是相同。
Good luck if you have an IELTS exam soon.
如果你很快就要参加雅思考试的话，那就祝你好运。
Thanks for watching!
感谢收看！
See you next time!
下次再见啦！
