Introduction to Utopian Socialism

空想社会主义又称为“乌托邦”，是一种不具有现实性的改造人类社会的理想学说。它是随着资本主义生产方式的产生而出现的。空想社会主义早期出现在英国人莫尔的《乌托邦》和意大利人康帕内拉的《太阳城》中，盛行于十九世纪初期，即无产阶级与资产阶级的阶级斗争尚未激化时期，主要代表是法国的圣西门、傅立叶和英国的欧文。他们从“理性”和“永恒正义”出发，批判了资本主义制度，无情地揭露和抨击了资本主义社会的种种弊病，提出了各种各样的社会改革方案。三大空想社会主义者的学说，反映了尚未成熟的无产阶级和一般劳动群众对资本主义社会的失望和不满情绪，反映了他们要求摆脱资本主义制度和向往美好未来的愿望。他们对未来社会提出了一些积极的设想，如消灭私有制，消灭雇佣劳动制，以及把国家变为单纯管理生产的机关等等。在哲学基本问题上，他们基本上坚持了唯物主义路线。在历史观上，他们猜测到了社会历史是有规律发展的思想，但他们还是以“人性论”作为说明社会历史问题的理论基础，不能找到解放无产阶级的真正力量和正确道路。恩格斯指出，这些社会主义创始人的“不成熟的理论，是和不成熟的资本主义生产状况、不成熟的阶级状况相适应的”。

Utopian socialism, also known as "Utopia ", is an ideal theory of transforming human society without reality. It emerged with the emergence of capitalist mode of production. Utopian socialism appeared in the Utopia of the Englishman Moore and the Sun City of the Italian Companella in the early 19th century, that is, the period when the class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie has not intensified, mainly represented by Saint Simon of France, Fourier and Owen of England. Starting from "rationality" and "eternal justice", they criticized the capitalist system, ruthlessly exposed and attacked the various ills of capitalist society, and put forward various social reform plans. The theory of the three utopian socialists reflects the disappointment and dissatisfaction of the immature proletariat and the general working people with the capitalist society, and their desire to get rid of the capitalist system and look forward to a better future. They put forward some positive ideas for the future society, such as eliminating private ownership, eliminating the wage labor system, and transforming the state into an organ that simply manages production. On basic philosophical issues, they basically adhered to the materialistic line. In the view of history, they guessed that social history is the idea of regular development, but they still took the "theory of human nature" as the theoretical basis for explaining social and historical problems, and could not find the real strength and correct way to liberate the proletariat. Engels pointed out that the "immature theory" of the founders of socialism was adapted to the immature capitalist production situation and the immature class situation.